Functions of Managers

• Planning: Mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal.
• Organizing: Set up team and resources to accomplish goals.
• Staffing: Recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.
• Leading: Motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging employees.
• Controlling: Check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary.

The Decision-Making Process

1. Define the problem.

2. Identify limiting factors.

3. Develop potential alternatives.

4. Analyze the alternatives.

5. Select the best alternative.

6. Implement the decision.

7. Establish a control and evaluation system.

Five Approaches to Organizational Design

1. Functional structure groups positions into work units based on similar activities, skills, expertise, and resources.

2. Divisional structure groups departments according to organizational outputs — by product, customer, or geography.

3. Matrix structure combines functional specialization with the focus of divisional structure. This structure uses permanent cross-functional teams to integrate functional expertise with a divisional focus.

4. Team structure organizes separate functions into a group based on one overall objective

5. Network struct

   ure relies on other organizations to perform critical functions on a contractual basis.

Types of Teams

• Functional teams perform specific organizational functions and include members from several levels of the hierarchy.
• Cross-functional teams are made up of experts in various specialties (or functions) working together on various organizational tasks.
• Self-directed work teams, or self-managed teams, operate without managers and are responsible for complete work processes or segments that deliver products or services to external or internal customers.

Total Quality Management (TQM) Principles

• Produce quality work the first time.
• Focus on the customer.
• Have a strategic approach to improvement
• Improve continuously.
• Encourage mutual respect and teamwork.